Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1960 to 1964

This civil rights movement timeline chronicles important dates during the struggles second chapter, the early 1960s. While the fight for racial equality began in the 1950s, the non-violent techniques the movement embraced began to pay off during the following decade. Civil rights activists and students across the South challenged segregation, and the relatively new technology of television allowed Americans to witness the often brutal response to these protests. President Lyndon B. Johnson  successfully pushed through the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964, and a number of other groundbreaking events unfolded  between 1960 and 1964, the span covered by this timeline, leading up the tumultuous time of 1965 to 1969. 1960 Civil Rights Sit-In at John A Brown Company. Oklahoma Historical Society / Getty Images On Feb. 1, four young African American men, students at North Carolina Agriculture and Technical College, go to a Woolworth in Greensboro, N.C., and sit down at a whites-only lunch counter. They order coffee. Despite being denied service, they sit silently and politely at the lunch counter until closing time. Their action marks the start of the Greensboro sit-ins, which sparks similar protests all over the South.On April 15, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee holds its first meeting.On July 25, the downtown Greensboro Woolworth desegregates its lunch counter after six months of sit-ins.On Oct. 19, Martin Luther King Jr.  joins a student sit-in at a whites-only restaurant inside of an Atlanta department store, Richs. He is arrested along with 51 other protesters on the charge of trespassing. On probation for driving without a valid Georgia license (he had an Alabama license), a Dekalb County judge sentences King to four months in prison doing hard labor. Presidential con tender John F. Kennedy phones Kings wife, Coretta, to offer encouragement, while the candidates brother, Robert Kennedy, convinces the judge to release King on bail. This phone call convinces many African Americans to support the Democratic ticket.On Dec. 5, the Supreme Court hands down a 7-2 decision in the Boynton v. Virginia case, ruling that segregation on vehicles traveling between states is unlawful because it violates the Interstate Commerce Act. 1961 Policemen await to arrest Freedom Riders. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images On May 4, the Freedom Riders, composed of seven African American and six white activists, leave Washington, D.C., for the rigidly segregated Deep South. Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), their goal is to test Boynton v. Virginia.On May 14, Freedom Riders, now traveling in two separate groups, are attacked outside Anniston, Ala. and in Birmingham, Ala. A mob throws a firebomb onto the bus in which the group near Anniston is riding. Members of the Ku Klux Klan attack the second group in Birmingham after making an arrangement with the local police to allow them 15 minutes alone with the bus.On May 15, the Birmingham group of Freedom Riders is prepared to continue their trip down south, but no bus will agree to take them. They fly to New Orleans instead.On May 17, a new group of young activists join two of the original Freedom Riders to complete the trip. They are placed under arrest in Montgomery, Ala.On May 29, President Kennedy announces that he has ordered the Inte rstate Commerce Commission to enact stricter regulations and fines for buses and facilities that refuse to integrate. Young white and black activists continue to make Freedom Rides.In November, civil rights activists participate in a series of protests, marches, and meetings in Albany, Ga., that come to be known as the Albany Movement.In December, King comes to Albany and joins the protesters, staying in Albany for another nine months. 1962 James Meredith Registering at the University of Mississippi. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images On Aug. 10, King announces that he is leaving Albany. The Albany Movement is considered a failure in terms of effecting change, but what King learns in Albany allows him to be successful in Birmingham.On Sept. 10, the Supreme Court rules that the University of Mississippi must admit African American student and veteran James Meredith.On Sept. 26, the governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, orders state troopers to prevent Meredith from entering Ole Misss campus.Between Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, riots erupt over Merediths enrollment at the University of Mississippi, or Ole Miss.On Oct. 1, Meredith becomes the first African American student at Ole Miss after President Kennedy orders U.S. marshals to Mississippi to ensure his safety. 1963 Bettmann Archive / Getty Images King, SNCC and the  Southern Christian Leadership Conference  (SCLC) organize a series of 1963 civil rights demonstrations and protests to challenge segregation in Birmingham.On April 12, Birmingham police arrest King for demonstrating without a city permit.On April 16, King writes his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail in which he responds to eight white Alabama ministers who urged him to end the protests and be patient with the judicial process of overturning segregation.On June 11, President Kennedy delivers a speech on civil rights from the Oval Office, specifically explaining why he sent the National Guard to allow the admittance of two African American students into the University of Alabama.On June 12, Byron De La Beckwith assassinates  Medgar Evers, the first field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Mississippi.On Aug. 18, James Meredith graduates from Ole Miss.On Aug. 28, the  March on Washington for Jobs and Fre edom  is held in D.C. Around 250,000 people participate, and King delivers his legendary  I Have a Dream speech.On Sept. 15, the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham is bombed. Four young girls are killed.On Nov. 22,  Kennedy is assassinated, but his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, uses the nations anger to push through civil rights legislation in Kennedys memory. 1964 President Lyndon Johnson Signs Civil Rights Act. PhotoQuest / Getty Images On March 12,  Malcolm X  leaves the Nation of Islam. Among his reasons for the break is Elijah Muhammads ban on protesting for Nation of Islam adherents.Between June and August, SNCC organizes a voter registration drive in Mississippi known as Freedom Summer.On June 21,  three Freedom Summer workers--Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman--disappear.On Aug. 4, the bodies of Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman are found in a dam. All three had been shot, and the African American activist, Chaney, had also been badly beaten.On June 24, Malcolm X  founds  the Organization of Afro-American Unity along with John Henrik Clarke. Its aim is to unite all Americans of African descent against discrimination.On July 2, Congress passes the  Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bans discrimination in employment and public places.In July and August, riots break out in Harlem and Rochester, N.Y.On Aug. 27, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDM), which formed to challenge the segregated state Democratic Party, sends a delegation to the  National Democratic Convention in Atlantic City, N.J.  They ask to represent Mississippi at the convention.  Activist Fannie Lou Hamer, spoke publicly and her speech was broadcast nationally by media outlets.  Offered two nonvoting seats at the  convention, in turn, the MFDM delegates reject the proposal. Yet all was not lost. By the 1968 election, a clause was adopted requiring equal representation from all state delegations.On Dec. 10, the Nobel Foundation awards King the  Nobel Peace Prize. Updated by African-American History Expert, Femi Lewis.

The Story Of Ronnie Luciano - 1158 Words

Again? Ronnie Luciano thought to himself as he ran with a squad car on his tail. Sprinting for his life while dodging bullets and the cops seemed to be a common occurrence lately. Today it happened to be an undercover officer spotting him pocket a cheap necklace in the mall. Dashing across the street, while narrowly avoiding cars, Ronnie distanced himself in the heavy traffic of New York City. Bolting around the corner of Broadway he bought himself more time. The cops were turning just as Ronnie slipped into a darkened alley. He watched from the shadows as the car sped past, siren deafening, oblivious that their target had evaded them again. Starting to pant heavily Ronnie sat down to catch his breath. Taking out the necklace he admired†¦show more content†¦He stood up slowly and cautiously looked back out of the alleyway making sure no cops were around. Stepping back onto the street, he started walking back to his usual bench when he heard the screeching of car brakes. Whip ping his head around Ronnie became aware of a black Escalade, with a revolver pointed out the back tinted windows right at him. The passenger window slowly rolled down halfway, just enough to see wispy white hair. â€Å"Get in if you don’t want to be shot,† said a raspy voice from the passenger seat. Obeying Ronnie walked up to the vehicle as the back door opened. Climbing in, his head was immediately covered with a blindfold. The ride felt like forever with constant stopping, and turning, while dead silence created a sense of dread. Finally, after what felt like an hour the Escalade stopped and the doors opened. Another minute passed, suddenly the blindfold was undone and Ronnie was able to step out onto the ground. In front of him was what looked like a small warehouse. He was ushered into the building by a man whose muscles bulged from his black shirt that was three sizes too small. Entering through the door Ronnie saw a singular room with a short, chunky man positioned in the middle facing away. Getting closer Ronnie observed the man had the same thinning white hair from the passenger seat. Turning around the chunky gentleman says, â€Å"Welcome Ronnie, you’re not an easy kid to find.† â€Å"Who are you?† replied Ronnie while

Marked By Sinking Of The Oil Rig Technical â€Myassignmentthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marked By Sinking Of The Oil Rig Technical? Answer: Introduction The disaster caused due to oil spill in 2010 at the Gulf of Mexico is termed as the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. British Petroleum (BP) was held responsible for this disaster and was marked by sinking of the oil rig. Technical failures led the Deepwater Horizon to catch fire that further led to loss of life and injury of many workers. Around 205.8 million gallons of oil is noted to have released into the water due to the spill and is one of the largest disaster, which is related with the water frontiers in the United States of America (USA) (Ingersoll, Locke Reavis, 2012). The objective of the paper is to highlight the ethical issues concerned with oil spill. Overview of Company BP is observed to be a leading player in the gas and oil industry of the global market. It came into existence during the early 1900s in England. The organization uses innovative technology so that it is possible to reduce emission of carbon during extraction of oil and gas from the deep sea. BP operates in 72 nations around the globe and has a total workforce size of above 70,000. Moreover, the well known brand of BP that operates in the global market includes Castrol, Aral and ampm (BP p.l.c, 2017; BP p.l.c, 2017a). The business at present is headed by the Carl-Henric Svanberg, who after the business operations, ensure that all types of risks are well managed. Strategies of BP focuses on reducing the costs that are involved while extraction of oil and gas from sea and deserts. The BP therefore focuses on reducing costs and adhering to sustainable means of production, thereby leading it to attain competitive positioning in the petrochemicals market all round the globe (BP p.l.c, 201 7b). Ethical Issues As already indicated, the oil spill from the oil rig at the Gulf of Mexico is one of the greatest ethical issues that are concerned with BP. Clearly technical failure can be regarded as one of the most fundamental ethical issue that is concerned with oil spill. It means that lack of proper maintenance of the machines is responsible for the fire issue. The machine that was supposed to prevent any damage to the environment during any fatalities such as fire did not function properly. The standards that were supposed to be followed by BP for restricting accidents were also not followed. The committee that was set up for investigating the ethical issues involved in the oil spill is known as the Deepwater Horizon Study Group. As per the report, the working conditions of the oil refinery was not up to the mark along with the preventive measures that were to be taken for preventing fatalities during accidents (Bryant, 2011; Deepwater Horizon Study Group, 2011). Damage caused to the environment due to such spill can be regarded as another ethical issue. Turtles and sea birds that were observed to rely on the sea for survival were tremendously affected due to the oil spill. It can hence be estimated that dolphins were dead due to the spreading of crude oil after the spillage. Other than the moving animals and birds, the Deepwater Horizon report mentioned that corals under the sea have also been affected due to the oil spill from BPs refinery. The ethical dilemma that is involved in this case is that it has not been possible to exactly trace the impact of oil spill on marine ecosystem (Bryant, 2011; Deepwater Horizon Study Group, 2011). Stakeholders Affected by the Ethical Issue Stakeholders apparently refer to the parties that are affected by the tragic oil spill. It can hence be observed that employees working at the refinery were mostly affected due to the oil spill. The reports mentions that a total of 11 workers died due to oil spill. Search and rescue operations that were undertaken by the coast guard were unable to discover the corpse of the workers. It can hence be observed that the workers were so fatally injured that some of them had not even recovered till date. The crew members that were not injured were heavily panic-stricken after watching their peers get harmed from fire. Survivors had to jump from the oil rig for saving themselves (Jarvis, 2010; Mcphee, 2016). BP itself falls in the category of stakeholders that were affected adversely after the deep water horizon incident. It had to incur huge expenses on installation of the machines that were damaged from fire and oil spill. The oil rig hence sank that caused a loss of around $6.3billion. BP was legally liable to pay for the compensations that were caused due to the accident. Fall in the shareholder value was hence found to be another cause that led to the financial loss of BP. Just after the incident of deep water horizon it was observed that shareholder value of BP dropped by 55%. After the incident the share price of BP fell to $27, whereas prior to it the price was $59.48. The barring of BP to raise money by bidding in stick exchanges was passed by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (the EPA) (Chamberlin, 2014; Ruddick, 2015). Impact of Decisions The impact of EPAs decision to restrict BP from raising money in the stock exchanges of the USA has created an adverse impact on the financial health of the organization. BP is not able to raise funds from the stock market that is necessary to run operations in other areas of the globe. However, the decision can be considered to create a positive impact as it will prevent BP from being incautious in the future regarding upgradations of the safety measures (Chamberlin, 2014; Ruddick, 2015). View on Business Ethics I considered that business ethics is related with the maintenance of good reputation in the market. For instance, organizations must maintain proper product quality and pricing strategies, which are important to built strong reputation. After reading the case study, I came to know that there is a constant need to maintain safety at workplace as a part of ethics. It is in fact duly important to undertake preventive measures that reduce fatalities after accidents. Conclusion The accident that took place at the oil rig of BP at Gulf of Mexico in 2010 is termed as Deepwater Horizon Disaster. It caused spillage of oil and the rig caught fire, which in turn led to the loss of lives of workers and damaged natural habitat. As a result of this, EPA banned BP from raising money from the market that caused fall in the share value. References BP p.l.c 2017, BP at a glance, About BP, finance 14 September, 2017, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/bp-at-a-glance.html BP p.l.c 2017, Our history, Global, viewed 14 September, 2017, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history.html BP p.l.c 2017b, Annual report Content, pp. 1-294. Bryant, B 2011. Deepwater horizon and the Gulf oil spill - the key questions answered, Guardian, viewed 14 September, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/20/deepwater-horizon-key-questions-answered Chamberlin, A 2014, BP lost 55% shareholder value after the Deepwater Horizon incident, Marketing, viewed 14 September, 2017, https://marketrealist.com/2014/09/bp-lost-55-shareholder-value-deepwater-horizon-incident/ Deepwater Horizon Study Group 2011, Final report on the investigation of the Macondo well blowout, Berkeley, pp. 1-126. Ingersoll, C, Locke, R M Reavis, C 2012, BP and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster of 2010, MIT, pp. 1-28. Jarvis, A A 2010, BP oil spill: disaster by numbers, Environment, viewed 14 September, 2017, https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/bp-oil-spill-disaster-by-numbers-2078396.html Mcphee, R 2016, Deepwater Horizon survivor - I had a Healthcare wish for a long time after the rig blew, Mirror, viewed 14 September, 2017, https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/deepwater-horizon-survivor-death-wish-8936532 Ruddick, G 2015, BP reveals $6.3bn quarterly loss owing to Deepwater Horizon bill, Guardian, viewed 14 September, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/28/bp-loss-deepwater-horizon-bill

Real Life Example for Money Rules the World free essay sample

With the advent of the World Wide Web and fast Internet connections, the data contained in these databases and a great many special-purpose programs can be accessed quickly, easily, and cheaply from any location in the world. As a consequence, computer-based tools now play an increasingly critical role in the advancement of biological research. Bioinformatics, a rapidly evolving discipline, is the application of computational tools and techniques to the management and analysis of biological data. The term bioinformatics is relatively new, and as defined here, it encroaches on such terms as computational biology and others. The use of computers in biology research predates the term bioinformatics by many years. For example, the determination of 3D protein structure from X-ray crystallographic data has long relied on computer analysis. In this book I refer to the use of computers in biological research as bioinformatics. Its important to be aware, however, that others may make different distinctions between the terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Life Example for Money Rules the World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In particular, bioinformatics is often the term used when referring to the data and the techniques used in large-scale sequencing and analysis of entire genomes, such as C. elegans, Arabidopsis, and Homo sapiens. What Bioinformatics Can Do Heres a short example of bioinformatics in action. Lets say you have discovered a very interesting segment of mouse DNA and you suspect it may hold a clue to the IT-SC 4 development of fatal brain tumors in humans. After sequencing the DNA, you perform a search of Genbank and other data sources using web-based sequence alignment tools such as BLAST. Although you find a few related sequences, you dont get a direct match or any information that indicates a link to the brain tumors you suspect exist. You know that the public genetic databases are growing daily and rapidly. You would like to perform your searches every day, comparing the results to the previous searches, to see if anything new appears in the databases. But this could take an hour or two each day! Luckily, you know Perl. With a days work, you write a program (using the Bioperl module among other things) that automatically conducts a daily BLAST search of Genbank for your DNA sequence, compares the results with the previous days results, and sends you email if there has been any change. This program is so useful that you start running it for other sequences as well, and your colleagues also start using it. Within a few months, your days worth of work has saved many weeks of work for your community. This example is taken from real life. There are now existing programs you can use for this purpose, even web sites where you can submit your DNA sequence and your email address, and theyll do all the work for you! This is only a small example of what happens when you apply the power of computation to a biological problem. This is bioinformatics. About This Book This book is a tutorial for biologists on how to program, and is designed for beginning programmers. The examples and exercises with only a few exceptions use biological data. The books goal is twofold: it teaches programming skills and applies them to interesting biological areas. I want to get you up and programming as quickly and painlessly as possible. I aim for simplicity of explanation, not completeness of coverage. I dont always strictly define the programming concepts, because formal definitions can be distracting. The Perl language makes it possible to start writing real programs quickly. As you continue reading this book and the online Perl documentation, youll fill in the details, learn better ways of doing things, and improve your understanding of programming concepts. Depending on your style of learning, you can approach this material in different ways. One way, as the King gravely said to Alice, is to Begin at the beginning and go on till you come to the end: then stop. (This line from Alice in Wonderland is often used as a whimsical definition of an algorithm. ) The material is organized to be read in this fashion, as a narrative. Another approach is to get the programs into your computer, run them, see what they do, and perhaps try to alter this or that in the program to see what effect your changes have. This may be combined with a quick skim of the text of the chapter. This is a common approach used by programmers when learning a new language. Basically, you learn by imitation, looking at actual programs. IT-SC 5 Anyone wishing to learn Perl programming for bioinformatics should try the exercises found at the end of most chapters. They are given in approximate order of difficulty, and some of the higher-numbered exercises are fairly challenging and may be appropriate for classroom projects. Because theres more than one way to do things in Perl, there is no one correct answer to an exercise. If youre a beginning programmer, and you manage to solve an exercise in any way whatsoever, youve succeeded at that exercise. My exercises may be found at suggested solutions to the http://www. oreilly. com/catalog/begperlbio. I hope that the material in this book will serve not only as a practical tutorial, but also as a first step to a research program if you decide that bioinformatics is a promising research direction in itself or an adjunct to ongoing investigations. Who This Book Is For This books is a practical introduction to programming for biologists. Programming skills are now in strong demand in biology research and development. Historically, programming has not often been viewed as a critical skill for biologists at the bench. However, recent trends in biology have made computer analysis of large amounts of data central to many research programs. This book is intended as a hands-on, one-volume course for the busy biologist to acquire practical bioinformatics programming abilities. So, if you are a biologist who needs to learn programming, this book is for you. Its goal is to teach you how to write useful and practical bioinformatics programs as quickly and as painlessly as possible. This book introduces programming as an important new laboratory skill; it presents a programming tutorial that includes a collection of protocols, or programming techniques, that can be immediately useful in the lab. But its primary purpose is to teach programming, not to build a comprehensive toolkit. There is a real blending of skills and approaches between the laboratory bench and the computer program. Many people do indeed find themselves shifting from running gels to writing Perl in the course of a day—or a career—in biology research. Of course, programming is its own discipline with its own methods and terminology, and so must be approached on its own terms. But there is cross-fertilization going on (if youll pardon the metaphor between the two disciplines). This books exercises are of varying difficulty for those using it as a class textbook or for self study. (Almost) all examples and exercises are based on real biological problems, and this book will give you a good introduction to the most common bioinformatics programming problems and the most common computer-based biological data. This books web site, http://www. reilly. com/catalog/begperlbio, includes all the program code in the book for convenient download, including the exercises and solutions, plus errata and other information. [1] IT-SC 6 [1] Program code, or simply code, means a computer program—the actual Perl language commands a programmer writes in a file. Why Should I Learn to Program? Since many researchers who describe their work as bioinformatics dont program at all, but rather, use programs written by others, its tempting to ask, Do I really need to learn programming to do bioinformatics? At one level, the answer is no, you dont. You can accomplish quite a bit using existing tools, and there are books and documentation available to help you learn those tools. But at another, higher level, the answer to the question changes. What happens when you want to do something a preexisting tool doesnt do? What happens when you cant find a tool to accomplish a particular task, and you cant find someone to write it for you? At that point, you need to learn to program. And even if you still rely mainly on existing programs and tools, it can be worthwhile to learn enough to write small programs. Small programs can be incredibly useful. For example, with a bit of practice, you can learn to write programs that run other programs and spare yourself hours sitting in front of the computer doing things by hand. Many scientists start out writing small programs and find that they really like programming. As a programmer, you never need to worry about finding the right tools for your needs; you can write them yourself. This book will get you started. Structure of This Book There are thirteen chapters and two appendixes in this book. The following provides a brief introduction: Chapter 1 This chapter covers some key concepts in molecular biology, as well as how biology and computer science fit together. Chapter 2 This chapter shows you how to get Perl up and running on your computer. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 provides an overview as to how programmers accomplish their jobs. Some of the most important practical strategies good programmers use are explained, and where to find answers to questions that arise while you are programming is carefully laid out. These ideas are made concrete by brief narrative case studies that show how programmers, given a problem, find its solution. Chapter 4 In Chapter 4 you start writing Perl programs with DNA and proteins. The programs transcribe DNA to RNA, concatenate sequences, make the reverse complement of DNA, read sequences data from files, and more. IT-SC 7 Chapter 5 This chapter continues demonstrating the basics of the Perl language with programs that search for motifs in DNA or protein, interact with users at the keyboard, write data to files, use loops and conditional tests, use regular expressions, and operate on strings and arrays. Chapter 6 This chapter extends the basic knowledge of Perl in two main directions: subroutines, which are an important way to structure programs, and the use of the Perl debugger, which can examine in detail a running Perl program. Chapter 7 Genetic mutations, fundamental to biology, are modelled as random events using the random number generator in Perl. This chapter uses random numbers to generate DNA sequence data sets, and to repeatedly mutate DNA sequence. Loops, subroutines, and lexical scoping are also discussed. Chapter 8 This chapter shows how to translate DNA to proteins, using the genetic code. It also covers a good bit more of the Perl programming language, such as the hash data type, sorted and unsorted arrays, binary search, relational databases, and DBM, and how to handle FASTA formatted sequence data. Chapter 9 This chapter contains an introduction to Perl regular expressions. The main focus of the chapter is the development of a program to calculate a restriction map for a DNA sequence. Chapter 10 The Genetic Sequence Data Bank (GenBank) is central to modern biology and bioinformatics. In this chapter, you learn how to write programs to extract information from GenBank files and libraries. You will also make a database to create your own rapid access lookups on a GenBank library. Chapter 11 This chapter develops a program that can parse Protein Data Bank (PDB) files. Some interesting Perl techniques are encountered while doing so, such as finding and iterating over lots of files and controlling other bioinformatics programs from a Perl program. Chapter 12 Chapter 12 develops some code to parse a BLAST output file. Also mentioned are the Bioperl project and its BLAST parser, and some additional ways to format output in Perl.